1. Film clip (14 mins): US Army Signal Corps, "Here is Germany" (1945)
   • for soldiers going to occupy Germany; never released (Cold War: Germany became our ally).
   • tradition, culture, ideology as causes
   • pillars of society (landowners, army, bureaucracy, industrialists): elites
   • democrats "driven out" in 1848: no more opposition
   • Economics: did Wilhelm manipulate industrialists prior to World War I, or vice-versa?

2. EIEIO: Prof. Marcuse’s "Old MacDonald’s Categories of Causation in History"
1. Economics
2. International factors
3. Elites
4. Ideology/Information (culture, education)
5. "Opposition" (human agency)

3. How do these categories help us to understand the power structure models from last lecture?
   1. This was a planned event, long in the minds of Hitler and the top Nazis
      • intentionalism: Hitler's preformed plan (coherent ideology)
   2. This was a calculated power-maximizing strategy by high-level Nazi elites
      • structuralism: jockeying and vying for power at the highest levels radicalized policy
      • always seeking economic advantage
   3. There was a spontaneous taking-advantage of an opportunity by low-level Nazi activists
      • functionalism: widespread economically opportunistic behaviors radicalized policy
      • or were those behaviors due to idealism?
      • human agency of the "grass roots"
   4. International factors: legacies of World War I, "toleration" of Hitler’s expansionism during 1930s

Note: we will return to the concept of Germany’s "special path" in a later lecture