1. Zachor event tonight, 5:30pm, UCSB Hillel
2. The Warsaw Ghetto (see reader no. 11)

• Death statistics (after Hilberg, Destruction; IfZ (ed.), Dimensionen des Völkermords

ghettoization	800,000+
open-air shootings	1,300,000+
extermination centers	2,700,000+
concentration camps	150,000_
death marches/other	1,000,000_
total	5,950,000+

• Film clip: 1968 BBC documentary "The Warsaw Ghetto"

• Nazi footage, May 3 & 12, 1942; daily trains to Treblinka began July 22, 1942
• German/Polish/Jewish police; Judenrat; "dirty" Jews; ritual baths; dining, gambling; sunbathing
• Staging of scenes: quotations from diaries
• Adam Czerniakow, Judenrat; Emanuel Ringelblum, archivist; Chaim Kaplan, teacher

1. The Warsaw ghetto uprising: 350,000 inhabitants initially

• 22 July 1942: start of deportations; pause in Jan. 1943 (60,000 remaining)
• ca. Apr. 18-May 18, 1943
• 300 Germans killed, 1000 wounded; 56,000 Jews killed, 4000 burned, 100 escaped
• Consequences: Treblinka uprising on 2 August; Sobibor on 14 October
• ["Operation Harvest Festival" in Maidanek, Nov. 1943 – we didn’t talk about this]

1. The Mentalities of the Murderers (who did readings 11=Dawidowicz, 12=Markle, 13=Heck?)
   my term: "brown-collar criminals" (as in "white, blue collar workers")

• Discussion of types of perpetrators (this is what we brain-stormed in class)

1. shooters
2. administrative
3. doctors (hands-on=administering injections, distanced=evaluating index cards)
4. officers (top-level commanders; officers in the field at shootings)
5. factory CEOs
6. engineers, architects
7. intellectuals

• Different types [professor’s categories, not presented]

1. bureaucratic "desk" murderers (administrators and technical specialists; ideologues)
2. organizers in the field (like Kommandant Höss in Auschwitz; Major Trapp [Markle])
3. participants in "assembly line" murder (loading trains, dumping cyclon B)
4. hands-on shooters, guards in camps

• Different motivations [we didn’t get to this; next lecture!]

1. ideology: antisemitism; social Darwinism; master race
2. crude prejudice: the "justification" for mass murder (antisemitism)
3. dehumanized victims: (ghettoization, excrutiating train journeys)
4. professional, scientific attitude: cold cult of professionalism: medical "experimenters"
5. "ethical universe"
   the moral blindness of leadership (Himmler, "Papa" Trapp)
   opportunism/careerism: a question of values
6. obedience to authority: (Höss, Milgram experiments)