note: this course is taught as a general introduction to the history of Europe.
It is designed for incoming students in the Modern Europe field, and students with modern Europe as their second or third examination field.
It will be taught by different professors (with somewhat different readings) each year.
Prof. Lindemann will offer the course again in Winter 1999.

Prof. Mouré
HSSB 4214; 893-8156
moure@humanitas.ucsb.edu
Fall 1996

This course is intended to provide an overview of historiographical debate on major events and issues in Modern European history. It can be used as a foundation for preparation for the Modern Europe M.A. exam, or as a point of departure for more advanced reading in Modern European history. The bibliography provided is by no means exhaustive: it is selected to provide an introduction to recent literature, from which you may work back through older, standard and classical reference works. It is also not intended to be exhausting: in the course of discussions in the seminar, you should be able to decide which topics interest you most, and which books provide the most promising material for further reading. The seminar will cover one topic each week for ten weeks. As the first meeting on October 1 will be organizational, the seminar will meet for the last time during exam week in December. Each week, two students will present material on the relevant readings and lead the discussion; if numbers work out, each student will thus share responsibility for two weeks' discussions. There are core readings for each week which all members of the seminar will read; those not presenting material each week will also be responsible for one other reading, on which they will write a short précis -- one page, single spaced, on a book, a half page on an article -- which they will bring to the seminar; these will be copied and distributed to all members of the seminar [note: they must be no longer than one page]. Each student will write one bibliographic discussion paper on material from one week's discussion; these, too, will be copied and distributed to the members of the seminar. Everyone will benefit from the prompt completion and submission of weekly précis and the bibliographical essays. To economize on copying costs, please submit one double-spaced copy of your paper for grading, one single-spaced copy for reproduction for the members of the seminar.

Required texts available for purchase in the UCSB Bookstore (all required texts for which the library has copies should be on 1-day loan reserve in the RBR):

• Bell, P.M.H., The Origins of the Second World War in Europe (1986).
• Breuilly, John. The Formation of the First German Nation-State1800-1871 (1996).
• De Grand, Alexander. Italian Fascism: Its Origins and Development, 2nd ed. (1989).
• Hobsbawm, E.J. The Age of Empire (1987).
• Hobsbawm, E.J. Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality, revised ed. (1992).
• Joll, James. The Origins of the First World War, 2nd ed. (1992).
• Jones, Peter M. Reform and Revolution in France: The Politics of Transition, 1774-1791 (1995).
• Kershaw, Ian. The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, 3rd ed. (1993).
• Malia, Martin. The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917-1991 (1994).
• Riall, Lucy. The Italian Risorgimento: State, Society and National Unification (1994).
• Sutherland, D.M.G. France, 1789-1815 (1985).
• Wrigley, E.A. Continuity, Chance and Change: The Character of the Industrial Revolution (1988).
  

Recommended secondary texts available as "optional" in the UCSB Bookstore:

• Bessel, Richard, ed. Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: Comparisons and Contrasts (1996).
• Doyle, William. The Origins of the French Revolution, 2nd ed. (1988).
• Fitzpatrick, Sheila. The Russian Revolution, 2nd ed. (1994).
• Hutchison, John and Smith, Anthony D., eds. Nationalism (1994).

Journal Abbreviations:

AHR American Historical Review

HJ Historical Journal

JEEH Journal of European Economic History

CEH Central European History

JEH Journal of Economic History

Ec.Hist.Rev. Economic History Review

JHI Journal of the History of Ideas

Eng.Hist.Rev. English Historical Review

JIH Journal of Interdisciplinary History

FHS French Historical Studies

JMH Journal of Modern History

JCH Journal of Contemporary History

P&P Past & Present

1. The French Revolution: Origins

1. Doyle, William. The Origins of the French Revolution, 2nd ed. (1988), part 1.
2. Ellis, Geoffrey. "The `Marxist Interpretation' of the French Revolution." Eng.Hist.Rev. 93 (1978): 353-76.
3. Jones, P.M. Reform and Revolution in France: The Politics of Transition, 1774-1791 (1995).

Supplementary Readings

• Baker, Keith, ed. The Political Culture of the Old Regime (1987).
• Baker, Keith. Inventing the French Revolution: Essays on French Political Culture in the Eighteenth Century (1990), esp. chs. 1, 8 and 10.
• Blanning, T.C.W. The French Revolution: Aristocrats versus Bourgeois? (1987).
• Bossenga, Gail. The Politics of Privilege: Old Regime and Revolution in Lille (1991).
• Censer, Jack R. "The Coming of a New Interpretation of the French Revolution?" Journal of Social History 21/2 (1987): 295-309.
• Chartier, Roger. The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution (1991).
• Censer, Jack R. "Commencing the Third Century of Debate." AHR 94/5 (1989): 1309-25.
• Cobban, Alfred. "The Myth of the French Revolution." Reprinted in Cobban, Aspects of the French Revolution (1968).
• Cobban, Alfred. The Social Interpretation of the French Revolution (1964).
• Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. "Who Intervened in 1788?" AHR 71/1 (1965): 77-103.
• French Historical Studies forum, "The Origins of the French Revolution: A Debate", FHS 16/4 (1990): 743-65.
• Hampson, Norman. Prelude to Terror: The Constituent Assembly and the Failure of Consensus, 1789-1791 (1988).
• Higonnet, Patrice. "Orphans of the Enlightenment, or in the Wake of François Furet." JHI (1991): 685-91.
• Kaiser, Thomas. "This Strange Offspring of Philosophie: Recent Historiographical Problems in Relating the Enlightenment to the Fr, Revolution." FHS 15/3 (1988): 549-62.
• Lefebvre, Georges. The Coming of the French Revolution (1939/1947).
• Lewis, Gwynne. The French Revolution: Rethinking the Debate (1993).
• Lucas, Colin. "Nobles, Bourgeois, and the Origins of the French Revolution." P&P 60 (1973): 84-126.
• Maza, Sarah. "Politics, Culture, and the Origins of the French Revolution." JMH 61/4 (1989): 704-23.
• Tackett, Timothy. Becoming a Revolutionary: The Deputies of the French National Assembly and the Emergence of a Revolutionary Culture (1789-90) (1996).
• Taylor, George V. "Noncapitalist Wealth and the Origins of the French Revolution." AHR 72/2 (1967): 469-96.
  
  

2. The Revolutionary Era, 1789-1815

1. Sutherland, D.M.G. France, 1789-1815 (1985).

Supplementary Readings

• Blanning, T.C.W. The Origins of the French Revolutionary Wars (1986).
• Darnton, Robert. The Kiss of Lamourette: Reflections in Cultural History (1990), essays 1 and 3.
• Doyle, William. The Oxford History of the French Revolution (1989).
• Fehér, Ferenc, ed. The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity (1990).
• French Historical Studies forum: "François Furet's Interpretation of the French Revolution", FHS 16/4 (1990): 766-802.
• Furet, François. Interpreting the French Revolution (1978/1981), Part I and Part II (1).
• Furet, François. Revolutionary France, 1770-1880 (1988/1992), chs. 2-4.
• Hampson, Norman. The Terror in the French Revolution (1981).
• Hunt, Lynn. Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution (1984).
• Jones, P.M. The Peasantry in the French Revolution (1988).
• Kaplan, Steven Laurence. Farewell, Revolution: The Historians' Feud, France, 1789/1989 (1995).
• Schama, Simon. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (1989).
• Soboul, Albert. A Short History of the French Revolution (1965/1977).
• Spitzer, Alan. "Narrative's Problems: The Case of Simon Schama." JMH 65/1 (1993): 176-92.
  
• Bergeron, Louis. France Under Napoleon (1972/1981).
• Connelly, Owen. Blundering to Glory (1988).
• Connelly, Owen. The Epoch of Napoleon (1972).
• Crouzet, François. "Wars, Blockade, and Economic Change in Europe, 1792-1815." JEH 24/4 (1964): 567-90.
• Ellis, Geoffrey. The Napoleonic Empire (1991).
• Ellis, Geoffrey. "Rhine and Loire: Napoleonic Elites and Social Order," in Beyond the Terror: Essays in French Regional and Social History, 1794-1815 (1983), ed. by G. Lewis and C. Lucas.
• Geyl, Peter. Napoleon, For and Against (1949).
• Holtman, Robert B. The Napoleonic Revolution (1967).
• Kafker, Frank A. and Laux, James M., eds. Napoleon and His Times: Selected Interpretations (1989).
• Lyons, Martin. Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution (1994).
• Markham, Felix. Napoleon (1963).
• Schroeder, Paul W. "Napoleon's Foreign Policy: A Criminal Enterprise." Journal of Military History 54/2 (1990): 147-61.
• Tulard, Jean. Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour (1977/1984).

3. The Industrial Revolution

1. Cannadine, David. "The Present and the Past in the English Industrial Revolution, 1880-1980." P&P 103 (1984): 131-72.
2. Wrigley, E.A. Continuity, Chance and Change: The Character of the Industrial Revolution (1988).

Britain:

• Ashton, T.S. The Industrial Revolution (1947).
• Berg, Maxine and Hudson, Pat. "Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution." Ec.Hist.Rev. 45/1 (1992): 24-50.
• Cameron, Rondo. "The Industrial Revolution: Fact or Fiction?" Contention 4/1 (1994): 163-88, and reply by Joel Mokyr which follows.
• Crafts, N.F.R. "Industrial Revolution in England and France: Some Thoughts on the Question `Why was England First?'" EHR 30/4 (1977): 429-441.
• Crafts, N.F.R. "British Industrialization in an International Context." JIH 19/3 (1989): 415-28.
• Crafts, N.F.R. British Economic Growth During the Industrial Revolution (1985).
• Hudson, Pat. The Industrial Revolution (1992).
• Jones, Gareth Stedman. Languages of Class: Studies in English Working Class History, 1832-1982 (1983), chs.1 and 3.
• Komlos, John. "Thinking About the Industrial Revolution." JEEH 18/1 (1989): 191-206.
• Landes, David. The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (1969), chs. 1-2.
• Mokyr, Joel. "Has the Industrial Revolution been Crowded Out?" Explorations in Economic History 24 (1987): 293-319.
• Mokyr, Joel, ed. The Economics of the Industrial Revolution (1985), Introduction ("The Industrial Revolution and the New Economic History").
• Pollard, Sidney. Peaceful Conquest: The Industrialization of Europe 1760-1970 (1981), pp. 1-41.
• Randall, Adrian J. "New Languages or Old? Labour, Capital and Discourse in the Industrial Revolution." Social History 15 (1990): 195-216.
• Rule, John. The Experience of Labour in Eighteenth-Century English Industry (1981).
• Sabel, Charles and Zeitlin, Jonathan. "Historical Alternatives to Mass Production: Politics, Markets and Technology in Nineteenth-Century Industrialization." P&P no. 108 (1985): 133-76.
• Samuel, Raphael. "The Workshop of the World: Steam Power and Hand Technology in Mid-Victorian Britain." Hist. Workshop 3 (1977): 6-72.
• Thompson, E.P. The Making of the English Working Class (1963).
• . "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism." P&P 38 (1967): 56-97.
• Valenze, Deborah. The First Industrial Woman (1995).

Continental Europe:

• Gerschenkron, Alexander. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (1962), ch. 1.
• Landes, David. The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (1969), ch. 3
• Merriman, John M., ed. Consciousness and Class Experience in Nineteenth-Century Europe (1978).
• Pollard, S. "Industrialization and the European Economy." Ec.Hist.Rev. 26/4 (1973): 636-48.
• Rancière, Jacques. "The Myth of the Artisan: Critical Reflections on a Category of Social History." International Labor and Working Class History 24 (1983), 1-25.
• Reddy, William M. Money and Liberty in Modern Europe: A Critique of Historical Understanding (1987).
• Roehl, Richard. "French Industrialization: A Reconsideration." Explorations in Economic History 13 (1976): 233-81.
• Sylla, Richard and Toniolo, Gianni, eds. Patterns of European Industrialization: The Nineteenth Century (1991).
• Trebilcock, Clive. The Industrialization of the Continental Powers, 1780-1914 (1981).

4. Nationalism in Europe and German and Italian Unification

1. Breuilly, John. The Formation of the First German Nation State, 1800-1871 (1995).
2. Riall, Lucy. The Italian Risorgimento (1994).
3. Hobsbawm, E.J. Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality, revised ed. (1992), chs. 1-3.

Supplementary Readings

• Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, revised ed. (1991).
• Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism (1983).
• Hroch, Miroslav. Social Preconditions and National Revival in Europe (1985).
• Smith, Anthony D. Theories of Nationalism, 2nd ed. (1983).
• Smith, Anthony D. "The Myth of the `Modern Nation' and the Myths of Nations," Ethnic and Racial Studies 11/1 (1988): 1-26.
• Smith, Anthony D. "The Origins of Nations," Ethnic and Racial Studies 12/3 (1989): 340-67.
• Smith, Anthony D., ed. Ethnicity and Nationalism (1992), intro and his essay "Nationalism and the Historians".
  
• Austensen, Roy. "Austria and the `Struggle for Supremacy in Germany', 1848-1864." JMH 52/2 (1980): 195-255.
• Carr, William. The Origins of the Wars of German Unification (1991).
• Halperin, William S. "The Origins of the Franco-Prussian War Revisited: Bismarck and the Hohenzollern Candidature for the Spanish Throne." JMH 45/1 (1973): 83-91.
• Hamerow, Theodore S. The Social Foundations of German Unification, 1858-1871, vol. I, Ideas and Institutions (1969), vol. II, Struggles and Accomplishments (1972).
• Kissinger, Henry A. "The White Revolutionary: Reflections on Bismarck." Daedalus 97 (1968): 888-924.
• Mork, Gordon R. "Bismarck and the `Capitulation' of German Liberalism." JMH 43/1 (1971): 59-75.
• Mosse, W.E. The European Great Powers and the German Question, 1848-1871 (1958).
• Schulze, Hagen. The Course of German Nationalism From Frederick the Great to Bismarck, 1763-1867 (1985/1991).
• Sheehan, James J. German Liberalism in the Nineteenth Century (1978).
• Sheehan, James J. "What is German History? Reflections on the Role of the Nation in German History and Historiography." JMH 53/1 (1981): 1-23.
• Sturmer, Michael. "Bismarck in Perspective." CEH 4/4 (1971): 291-331.
• Wehler, Hans-Ulrich. "Bismarck's Imperialism, 1862-1890." P&P 48 (1970): 119-55.
  
• Beales, Derek. The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy (1971).
• Coppa, Frank J. The Origins of the Italian Wars of Independence (1992).
• Grew, Raymond. A Sterner Plan for Italian Unity: The Italian National Society and the Risorgimento (1963).
• Hearder, Harry. Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento, 1790-1870 (1983).
• Hearder, Harry. Cavour (1994).
• Holt, Edgar. Risorgimento. The Making of Italy, 1815-1870 (1970).
• Smith, Denis Mack. Victor Emanuel, Cavour, and the Risorgimento (1971).
• Smith, Denis Mack. Cavour (1985).
• Smith, Denis Mack. Mazzini (1994).

5. Politics in a New Key

1. Hobsbawm, E.J. The Age of Empire, 1875-1914 (1987), chs. 3-8.

Germany:

• Blackbourn, David. "The Politics of Demagogy in Imperial Germany." P&P 113 (1986): 152-84.
• Eley, Geoff. From Unification to Nazism: Reinterpreting the German Past (1986).
• Evans, Richard. Rethinking German History: Nineteenth-Century Germany and the Origins of the Third Reich (1987), chs. 1-3
• Gellately, Robert. The Politics of Economic Despair: Shopkeepers and German Politics 1890-1914 (1974).
• Retallack, James. Germany in the Age of Kaiser Wilhelm II (1996).
• Schorske, Carl E. "Politics in a New Key: An Austrian Trio." In Fin-de-siècle Vienna (1980).
• Stern, Fritz. The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of the Germanic Ideology (1961).

France:

• Barrows, Susanna. Distorting Mirrors: Visions of the Crowd in Late Nineteenth-Century France (1981).
• Burns, Michael. Rural Society and French Politics: Boulangism and the Dreyfus Affair, 1886-1900, (1984).
• Curtis, Michael. Three Against the Republic: Sorel, Barrès and Maurras (1959).
• Fitch, Nancy. "Mass Culture, Mass Parliamentary Politics, and Modern Anti-Semitism: The Dreyfus Affair in Rural France." AHR 97, no. 1 (1992): 55-95.
• Goldstein, Jan. "The Hysteria Diagnosis and the Politics of Anticlericalism in Late Nineteenth-Century France." JMH 54, no. 2 (1982): 209-239.
• Hutton, Patrick H. "Popular Boulangism and the Advent of Mass Politics in France, 1886-90." JCH 11/1 (1976): 85-106.
• Irvine, William. The Boulanger Affair Reconsidered (1989).
• Mazgaj, Paul. "The Origins of the French Radical Right: A Historiographical Essay." FHS 15/2 (1987): 287-315.
• Nord, Philip. Paris Shopkeepers and the Politics of Resentment (1986).
• Nord, Philip. The Republican Moment: Struggles for Democracy in Nineteenth-Century France(1995).
• Nye, Robert A. Crime, Madness & Politics in Modern France: The Medical Concept of National Decline (1984).
• Roth, Jack J. The Cult of Violence: Sorel and the Sorelians (1980).
• Weber, Eugen. Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914 (1976).
• Wilson, Stephen. Ideology and Experience: Antisemitism in France at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair (1982).

Other:

• Dangerfield, George. The Strange Death of Liberal England, 1910-1914 (1935).
• Davis, John A. "Remapping Italy's Path to the Twentieth Century." JMH 66/2 (1994): 291-320.
• Hughes, H. Stuart. Consciousness and Society: The Reorientation of European Social Thought, 1890-1930, revised ed. (1977).
• Joll, James. "F.T. Marinetti: Futurism and Fascism," in Three Intellectuals in Politics: Blum, Rathenau, Marinetti (1960).
• Joll, James. The Anarchists, 2nd ed. (1979).
• Kaplan, Temma. Anarchists of Andalusia, 1868-1903 (1977).
• Tuchman, Barbara W. The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World before the War, 1890-1914 (1966).

6. The Origins of the First World War

1. Joll, James. The Origins of the First World War, 2nd ed. (1992).
   

Supplementary Readings

• Berghahn, V.R. Germany and the Approach of War in 1914 2nd ed. (1993).
• Bosworth, Richard. Italy and the Approach of the First World War (1983).
• Evans, R.J.W. and Pogge von Strandmann, Hartmut, eds. The Coming of the First World War (1988).
• Ferguson, Niall. "Germany and the Origins of the First World War: New Perspectives." Historical Journal 35/3 (1992): 725-52.
• Ferguson, Niall. "Public Finance and National Security: The Domestic Origins of the First World War Revisited." P&P no. 142 (1994): 141-68.
• Fischer, Fritz. Germany's Aims in the First World War (1961/1967).
• Fischer, Fritz. World Power or Decline: The Controversy Over Germany's Aims in the First World War (1965/1974).
• Fischer, Fritz. War of Illusions: German Policies from 1911 to 1914 (1969/1975).
• Gordon, Michael. "Domestic Conflict and the Origins of the First World War: The British and German Cases." JMH 46 (1974): 191-226.
• Hayne, M.B. The French Foreign Office and the Origins of the First World War, 1898-1914 (1993) [see review by John Keiger in French History, March 1994!]
• Hermann, David G. The Arming of Europe and the Making of the First World War (1996)
• Kaiser, David. "Germany and the Origins of the First World War." JMH 55/3 (1983): 442-74.
• Kennedy, Paul, ed. The War Plans of the Great Powers, 1880-1914 (1979).
• Koch, H.W., ed. The Origins of the First World War: Great Power Rivalry and German War Aims (1972).
• Keiger, J.F.V. France and the Origins of the First World War (1984).
• Lafore, Laurence. The Long Fuse: An Interpretation of the Origins of World War I, 2nd ed. (1971).
• Langdon, John W. July 1914. The Long Debate, 1918-1990 (1991).
• Langhorne, Richard. The Collapse of the Concert of Europe: International Politics, 1890-1914 (1981).
• Lieven, D.C.B. Russia and the Origins of the First World War (1983).
• May, Ernest R., ed. Knowing One's Enemies: Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars (1986), Part I.
• Mayer, Arno J. "Domestic Causes of the First World War." In L. Krieger and F. Stern, eds., The Responsibility of Power: Historical Essays in Honor of Hajo Holborn (1967).
• Miller, Steven E., Lynn-Jones, Sean M. and Van Evera, Stephen, eds. Military Strategy and the Origins of the First World War, rev. ed. (1991).
• Mommsen, Wolfgang. "The Debate on German War Aims." JCH 1/3 (1966): 47-72.
• Mommsen, Wolfgang. "Domestic Factors in German Foreign Policy before 1914." CEH 6/1 (1973): 3-43.
• Remak, Joachim. The Origins of World War I (1967).
• Schöllgen, Gregor, ed. Escape into War? The Foreign Policy of Imperial Germany (1990).
• Steiner, Zara S. Britain and the Origins of the First World War (1977).
• Strachan, Hew. "The First World War: Causes and Course." HJ 29/1 (1986): 227-55.
• Turner, L.C.F. Origins of the First World War (1970).
• Williamson, Samuel R. "The Origins of World War I." JIH 18/4 (1988): 795-818.
• Williamson, Samuel R. Austria-Hungary and the Coming of the First World War (1990).

7. The Russian Revolution and Stalinism

1. Malia, Martin. The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917-1991 (1994).

Revolution in 1917:

• Acton, Edward. Rethinking the Russian Revolution (1990).
• Brovkin, Vladimir. "Identity, Allegiance and Participation in the Russian Civil War." European History Quarterly 22/4 (1992): 541-67.
• Fitzpatrick, Sheila. The Russian Revolution 2nd ed. (1994).
• Fitzpatrick, Sheila, Rabinowitch, Alexander, and Stites, Richard, eds. Russia in the Era of NEP: Explorations in Soviet Society and Culture (1991).
• Frankel, E.R., Frankel, J., and Knei-Paz, B., eds. Revolution in Russia: Reassessments of 1917 (1992).
• Hasegawa, Tsyoshi. The February Revolution: Petrograd, 1917 (1981).
• Keep, John. The Russian Revolution: A Study in Mass Mobilization (1976).
• Koenker, D.P., Rosenberg, W.G. and Suny, R.G., eds. Party, State, and Society in the Russian Civil War: Explorations in Social History (1989).
• Orlovsky, Daniel T. "The New Soviet History." JMH 62/4 (1990): 831-50.
• Pipes, Richard. The Russian Revolution (1990).
• Pipes, Richard. Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime (1994).
• Rabinowitch, Alexander. The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd (1976).
• Suny, Ronald Grigor. "Revision and Retreat in the Historiography of 1917: Social History and Its Critics." The Russian Review 53/2 (1994): 165-82.

Stalin and Stalinism:

• Boffa, Giuseppe. The Stalin Phenomenon (1992).
• Conquest, Robert. The Great Terror: A Reassessment (1990).
• Fitzpatrick, Sheila. "New Perspectives on Stalinism," with comments by Cohen, Eley, Kenez and Meyer. The Russian Review 45/4 (1986): 357-413.
• Cohen, Stephen F. Rethinking the Soviet Experience: Politics and History since 1917 (1985).
• Fitzpatrick, Sheila. "How the Mice Buried the Cat: Scenes from the Great Purges of 1937 in the Russian Provinces." The Russian Review 52/3 (1993): 299-320.
• Fitzpatrick, Sheila. Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization (1994).
• Getty, J. Arch, Rittersporn, Gábor T., and Zemskov, Viktor N. "Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-war Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence." AHR 98/4 (1993): 1017-49 (and see letters in June and December 1994).
• Getty, J. Arch, and Manning, Roberta T., eds. Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives (1993).
• Gill, Graeme. Stalinism (1990).
• Haslam, Jonathan. "Political Opposition to Stalin and the Origins of the Terror in Russia, 1932-1936." HJ 29/2 (1986): 395-418.
• Kotkin, Stephen. Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization (1995).
• Lampert, Nick and Rittersporn, Gabor T., eds. Stalinism: Its Nature and Aftermath. Essays in Honour of Moshe Lewin (1992).
• Lewin, Moshe. The Making of the Soviet System: Essays in the Social History of Interwar Russia (1985).
• Reiman, Michal. The Birth of Stalinism: The USSR on the Eve of the "Second Revolution" (1979/1987).
• Rosenberg, William G. and Siegelbaum, Lewis H., eds. Social Dimensions of Soviet Industrialization (1993).
• Siegelbaum, Lewis H. Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935-1941 (1988).
• Thurston, Robert W. Life and Terror in Stalin's Russia, 1934-1941 (1996).
• Tucker, Robert C. Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928-1941 (1990).

8. Interwar Political and Economic Instability

1. P.M.H. Bell, The Origins of the Second World War in Europe, chs. 2, 3, 7, 8 and 9.

Supplementary Readings

• Bessel, Richard. Germany After the First World War (1993).
• Bolloten, Burnett. The Grand Camouflage: The Communist Conspiracy in the Spanish Civil War (1961).
• Borchardt, Knut. Perspectives on Modern German Economic History and Policy, chs. 8-10 (1982/1991).
• Eisenwein, George and Shubert, Adrian. Spain at War: The Spanish Civil War in Context, 1931-1939 (1995).
• Eichengreen, Barry. Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919-1939 (1992).
• Eichengreen, Barry. "The Origins and Nature of the Great Slump Revisited." Ec.Hist.Rev. 45/2 (1992): 213-39.
• Feldman, Gerald, ed. Die Nachwirkungen der Inflation auf die deutsche Geschichte 1924-1933 (1985), essays by Childers, Jones, Schuker and Feldman.
• Feldman, Gerald. The Great Disorder: Politics, Economics, and Society in the German Inflation, 1914-1924 (1993).
• Hayes, Peter. "History in an Off Key: David Abraham's Second Collapse." Business History Review 61 (1987): 452-72.
• Jackson, Julian. The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy, 1934-38 (1988).
• James, Harold. The German Slump: Politics and Economics, 1924-1936 (1986).
• Jones, Larry Eugene. "`The Dying Middle': Weimar Germany and the Fragmentation of Bourgeois Politics." CEH 5/1 (1972): 23-54.
• Kent, Bruce. The Spoils of War: The Politics, Economics, and Diplomacy of Reparations, 1918-1932 (1989).
• Kershaw, Ian, ed. Weimar: Why Did German Democracy Fail? (1990).
• Keynes, John Maynard. The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919).
• Kindleberger, Charles P. A Financial History of Western Europe, 2nd ed. (1993), Part IV.
• Kuisel, Richard F. Capitalism and the State in Modern France: Renovation and Economic Management in the Twentieth Century (1981), chs. 3 & 4.
• Lindemann, Albert S. The "Red Years": European Socialism versus Bolshevism, 1919-1921 (1974).
• Maier, Charles S. Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany and Italy in the Decade after World War I (1975).
• Maier, Charles S. In Search of Stability: Explorations in Historical Political Economy (1987), chs. 1, 2 and 4.
• Marks, Sally. The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe 1918-1933 (1976).
• Marks, Sally. "The Myths of Reparations." CEH 3 (1978): 231-55.
• Preston, Paul. The Coming of the Spanish Civil War: Reform, Reaction and Revolution in the Second Republic, 2nd ed. (1994).
• Preston, Paul, ed. Revolution and War in Spain, 1931-1939 (1984).
• Schuker, Stephen A. The End of French Predominance in Europe: The Financial Crisis of 1924 and the Adoption of the Dawes Plan (1976).
• Trachtenberg, Marc. "Reparation at the Paris Peace Conference." JMH 51 (1979): 24-55.

9. Nazi Germany

1. Kershaw, Ian. The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, 3rd ed. (1993).
2. De Grand, Alexander. Italian Fascism: Its Origins and Development, 2nd ed. (1989).

Supplementary Readings

• Allen, William Sheridan. The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town 1922-1945, revised ed. (1984).
• Bartov, Omer. Hitler's Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich (1992).
• Bessel, Richard. Political Violence and the Rise of Nazism: The Storm Troopers in Eastern Germany, 1925-1934 (1984).
• Bessel, Richard, ed. Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: Comparisons and Contrasts (1996).
• Broszat, Martin. The Hitler State (1981).
• Burleigh, M. and Wippermann, W. The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945 (1991).
• Childers, Thomas and Caplan, Jane, eds. Reevaluating the Third Reich (1993).
• Crew, David, ed. Nazism and German Society, 1933-1945 (1994).
• Evans, Richard J. Rethinking German History: Nineteenth-Century Germany and the Origins of the Third Reich (1987), chs. 1-3.
• Gellately, Robert. The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy, 1933-1945 (1990).
• Jäckel, Eberhard. Hitler's World View: A Blueprint for Power (1972).
• Kater, Michael. "Hitler in a Social Context." CEH 14/3 (1981): 243-72.
• Kershaw, Ian. "`Working Towards the Führer.' Reflections on the Nature of the Hitler Dictatorship." Contemporary European History 2/2 (1993): 103-18.
• Kershaw, Ian. Hitler (1991).
• Kershaw, I. "The Nazi State: An Exceptional State?" New Left Review 176 (1989): 47-67.
• Mason, Tim. "The Primacy of Politics: Politics and Economics in National Socialist Germany." In S.J. Woolf, ed., The Nature of Fascism (1968).
• Mason, Tim. "Intention and Explanation: A Current Controversy about the Interpretation of National Socialism." In Gerhard Hirschfeld and Lothar Kettenacker, eds., Der "Führerstaat": Mythos und Realität (1981): 21-40.
• Mason, Timothy W. Social Policy in the Third Reich: The Working Class and the `National Community' (1977/1993).
• Mommsen, Hans. From Weimar to Auschwitz (1991).
• Peukert, Detlev. Inside Nazi Germany (1986).
• Stern, J.P. Hitler: The Führer and the People (1975).

10. World War II

1. Bell, P.M.H. The Origins of the Second World War in Europe (1986).
2. Boyce, Robert and Robertson, Esmonde M., eds. Paths to War: New Essays on the Origins of the Second World War (1989), esp. essays by Nicole Jordan and Sidney Astor.

Supplementary Readings

• Cairns, John C. "A Nation of Shopkeepers in Search of a Suitable France, 1919-1940." AHR 79/3 (1974): 710-43.
• Hughes, Jeffrey L. "The Origins of World War II in Europe: British Deterrence Failure and German Expansionism." JIH 18/4 (1988): 851-91.
• Kaiser, David E. Economic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Second World War (1980).
• MacDonald, C.A. The United States, Britain and Appeasement, 1936-1939 (1981).
• Martel, Gordon, ed. The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered: The A.J.P. Taylor Debate after Twenty-Five Years (1986).
• May, Ernest R., ed. Knowing One's Enemies: Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars (1986), Part II.
• Mommsen, Wolfgang J. and Kettenacker, Lothar, eds. The Fascist Challenge and the Policy of Appeasement (1983).
• Overy, R.J. "Hitler's War and the German Economy: A Reinterpretation." Ec.Hist.Rev. 35/2 (1982): 272-91.
• Overy, Richard. "Germany, `Domestic Crisis' and War in 1939." P&P 116 (1987): 138-68, and subsequent debate with David Kaiser and Tim Mason in P&P 122 (1989): 200-40.
• Parker, R.A.C. Chamberlain and Appeasement: British Policy and the Coming of the Second World War (1993).
• Overy, Richard. War and Economy in the Third Reich (1994).
• Overy, Richard. Why the Allies Won (1995).
• Rock, William R. British Appeasement in the 1930s (1977).
• Schmidt, Gustav. The Politics and Economics of Appeasement: British Foreign Policy in the 1930s (1981/1986).
• Schuker, Stephen A. "France and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland, 1936." FHS 14/3 (1986): 299-338.
• Taylor, A.J.P. The Origins of the Second World War (1961).
• Wark, Wesley K. The Ultimate Enemy: British Intelligence and Nazi Germany, 1933-1939 (1985).
• Wark, Wesley K. "Appeasement Revisited." International History Review, xvii/3 (1995): 545-62.
• Watt, D.C. How War Came: The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938-1939 (1989).
• Weinberg, Gerhard. The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany, vol. 2, Starting World War II (1980).
• Weinberg, Gerhard. A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (1994).

General Texts Worth Knowing

• Doyle, William. The Old European Order, 1660-1800, 2nd ed. (1993).
• Joll, James. Europe since 1870: An International History, 4th ed (1990).
• Palmer, Robert R. and Colton, Joel. A History of the Modern World, 8th ed. (1995).
• Paxton, Robert. Europe in the 20th Century, 3rd ed., (1997).
• Schroeder, Paul W. The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848 (1994).
• Taylor, A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848-1918 (1954).
• Wegs, J. Robert and Ladrech, Robert. Europe since 1945: A Concise History, 4th ed. (1996).

France

• Anderson, R.D. France 1870-1914: Politics and Society (1977).
• Gildea, Robert. France Since 1945 (1996).
• Larkin, Maurice. France since the Popular Front (1988).
• Magraw, Roger. France 1815-1914: The Bourgeois Century (1983).
• McMillan, James F. Twentieth-Century France: Politics and Society, 1898-1991 (1992).
• Wright, Gordon. France in Modern Times, 5th ed. (1994).
• Zeldin, Theodore. France 1848-1945, 2 vols. (1973, 1977).

Germany

• Carr, William. A History of Germany, 1815-1992, 4th ed. (1993).
• Craig, Gordon. Germany 1866-1945 (1978).
• Fulbrook, Mary. The Divided Nation: A History of Germany, 1918-1990 (1992).
• Sheehan, James J. German History 1770-1866 (1989).

Britain

• Arnstein, Walter L. Britain Yesterday and Today: 1830 to the Present, 7^th ed. (1996).
• Lloyd, Trevor O. Empire, Welfare State, Europe. English History 1906-1992, 4th ed. (1993).
• Webb, R.K. Modern England from the 18th Century to the Present, 2nd ed. (1980).
  
• Hosking, Geoffrey. The First Socialist Society, 2nd ed. (1992).
• McCauley, Martin. The Soviet Union, 1917-1991, 2nd ed. (1993).
• Pipes, Richard. Russia under the Old Regime (1974).
• Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. A History of Russia, 5th ed. (1993).
• Seton-Watson, Hugh. The Russian Empire, 1801-1917 (1967).
• Thompson, John M. A Vision Unfulfilled: Russia and the Soviet Union in the Twentieth Century (1996).

Other Countries

• Carr, Raymond. Spain, 1808-1975, 2nd ed. (1982).
• Clark, Martin. Modern Italy: 1871-1982 (1984).
• Davies, Norman. God's Playground: A History of Poland (1982).
• Di Scala, Spencer M. Italy from Revolution to Republic: 1700 to the Present (1995).
• Janos, Andrew C. The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825-1945 (1982).
• Rothschild, Joseph. Return to Diversity: A Political History of East Central Europe Since World War II, 2nd ed. (1993).
• Stokes, Gale. The Walls Came Tumbling Down: The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe 1993).
• Walters, E. Garrison. The Other Europe: Eastern Europe to 1945 (1988).