If students ask pertinent, clarifying e-mail questions, I will post them with my answers on this page.
I will not update it after 11pm on Tuesday, June 13 (the night before the exam).

• Study tip for IDs: really work on the significance question. For each of the 15 items you need to prepare you might go through and jot down some important consequences. For example, "genocide" is important because it defines a situation in which international intervention is necessary and justified (but not, as one student wrote, as a precedent for the justified use of force against groups with different cultural backgrounds).
• Essay 1 (3 worlds): Organization. You might
  • EITHER go through each of the three worlds "then" and "now," and discuss which countries would be in each category and why, and how that changes with the changing definition.
    Thus: "The 'First World' originally meant those countries that ..., such as the United States and Western Europe, and later came to include a and b. As the meaning changed to 'industrialized countries,' x and y would be included as well, while z might better be placed in the 'second world' because ...."
  • OR (I think this would be more difficult) you might organize it by country, saying why that country would be in this or that category and why that placement would or would not change as the definition changes.
  • Need definitions. Note that in all cases you will have to state more precisely what places a country in a certain category. That is, you will have to briefly define and give examples of the determining characteristics of each of 3old+3new=6 "worlds," saying what specific features a country must exhibit in order to be placed in that category.
  • In the L17 notes I included links to the Wikipedia "Worlds" definitions (links to other two at bottom of each Wiki page), which you may find helpful as well.
  • Give some thought to the globalization question: why did those definitions change? Do we now have 3 worlds, or more or fewer?
• Essay 2: Note that the first part of the question asks about causal factors (that made the event you chose happen), while the ranking question asks about consequences, things that happened (or not) because of the event you chose.

The final examination counts for 20% of the final grade.
The suggested time is 2 hours, on Wed., June 14, noon-3pm, but you will have the full 3 hours.
Bring a large blue book.

1. Identify and define the significance (25 minutes total, 3 @ 10 points each)
   On the exam, you will be given 9 of the following terms, from which you will select three. You should identify each one (including an approximate date or time period), situating it correctly in relation to other relevant events or concepts. Then take special care to explain why the term is significant in the context of world history. Ask yourself: Would history have taken a different course without this event or person? Or: Is this person or term an example of some important principle that played a role in the course of world history? (Your answer should be yes.) Then write down the reason(s) WHY as part of your answer to the ID.
   ["L" stands for lecture, "R" for Reader, and "tb" for the textbook--see the index.]

   Akosombo (L18)	Indian National Congress (tb)	perestroika (R26-28)
   authoritarian rule (L17,19; tb)	Nelson Mandela (R21, tb)	populism (R2, tb)
   Cold War (L19)	Mao Zedong (tb)	proxy wars (L19)
   decolonization (L18, tb)	Marshall Plan (tb, R23)	socialism (R4, R5, tb)
   genocide (L16, 17)	Negritude (tb 404f)	White Man's Burden (L13)
   globalization (tb chap. 12)	Opium Wars (tb, L11)	women's suffrage (R15f, L14)
   Vaclav Havel (R26, 28)	Palestine (R18, tb 406)	zaibatsu (tb 298, 370)

   
    
2. Source Interpretation. (10 minutes, 10 points). You will be asked specific questions about an excerpt from one of the following texts. These questions are meant as study hints.
   1. R9 (fascism): How does this authoritarian system differ from those of other time periods?
   2. R18 (PLO & UN): What is meant by "self-determination"? How will it be achieved?
   3. R22 (Churchill & Khrushchev): How does each leader stand on the use of force?
   4. R24 (Ho Chi Minh): Where do the ideals invoked by Ho come from? (see also tb 399: Mao)
   5. R25 (African Culture): What is the "neo-colonialist mentality," and what will overcome it?
   6. tb 377 (Gandhi): What does G. think is key for India to free itself from imperialism?
   7. tb 399 (Mao Zedong): What past experiences make Mao skeptical of "wholesale Westernization"?
   8. tb 402 (Nehru): Whose solution does N. emulate? (hint: see the source readings for week 4)
   9. tb 405 (Senghor): What solution does S.'s program share with other advocates of decolonization?
   10. tb 460 (Chiapas): What other justifications for violent resistance does this resemble?
   [note: See the midterm sample source question, with answers by a TA and the professor; also 2003]
    
3. Essay questions: On the exam you will have to compose essays on both of the following topics. (30 mins. and 25 pts for 1; 40 mins. and 35 pts. for 2, for a total of 70 mins. and 60 pts.)
    
   1. (post-midterm) Since the 1950s it has become common to speak of "Three Worlds." The professor argued that there are other ways of understanding the divisions than the classic split "democratic, communist, non-aligned," as explained in the textbook. In economic terms, one might speak of "industrialized, industrializing, un- or underdeveloped," or "market economy, command economy, dependent export economy." Using the first and either one of these latter categorizations, discuss which countries might be categorized differently, explaining why you think so. Give examples, and be sure to include China (when?), India, Ghana under Nkrumah, and Mexico. Finally: What role has the process of globalization played in changing the nature of the "Three World" system?
       
   2. (comprehensive) We have discussed many of the ways world-historical changes (or events) have come about, some quickly, and some gradually over long periods of time. Using four examples, with at least one before 1900, and coming from at least three different continents, explain the role played by factors such as mass movements, economic problems or changes, international intervention, the emergence of charismatic leaders, and people's belief in certain ideas. In conclusion, rank the four events/changes in order of their importance, giving reasons why some were more, and others less fundamental.