• Questions from last time and for today
• Resistance: definitions and examples
• Announcements (midterm evaluation)
• Conclusions

• Question:
  What role did science play in causing the Holocaust? In allowing it to happen?
• Answer:
  A very important role, one that is often neglected in explanations of the Holocaust.
• Ideology of "racial science," disseminated thru films
  (additional legitimacy from International connections)
• Elites such as doctors
• O: Trained staff from euthanasia institutes was sent to extermination camps.

• Jewish, born 1922 (age 18)
• exchange student in England
• Household help for family in Göttingen
• Accused of constant "miscegenation" with German soldiers
• In concentration camp, repeatedly punished for insolence and laziness

• What effect did "Auschwitz" have on religion?
  • Christianity: no need for fundamental change to images of God
  • Judaism: range of responses, from "God is dead" to affirmation of Jews as chosen people

What is resistance? (definitions)

• Who resisted? (groups)
• When did they resist? (situations, conditions)
• How did they resist? (methods)
• Why did they resist? (motives)

Let's think about it: What is resistance?
[class discussion with points collected on overlay]

Spectrum of behaviors:

• Collaboration (Vidkun Quisling did Nazi bidding in Norway)
• Passivity / inaction
• "Opposition"/"Dissent:" ameliorating the brunt of the system
• Resistance: working to end the system (Zivia Lubatkin and Antek Zuckermann of ZOB in Warsaw ghetto)

• Partisans
• Warsaw ghetto:
  • Janusz Korczak
  • ZOB (Jewish Fighting Organization)

• Sources:
  • Book by Richard Raschke
  • Film "Escape from Sobibor"
  • Book by survivor Thomas Blatt
• Who: camp inmate workers (Jews)
• When: lull in genocidal activity; after Stalingrad, Warsaw ghetto
• Why: inspired by Warsaw ghetto uprising
• How: escape attempt
• Outcome: Did it shut down the camp? Or just save the lives of the personnel?

Germans (importance of Stalingrad defeat, Feb. 2, 1943)

• White Rose, Munich; Aug. 1942; Feb. 14, 1943
• Rosenstrasse, Berlin; Feb. 27, 1943; 4 roundups
• July 20, 1944 military coup attempt

• Journals due today with 5 entries (total), or next Tuesday with 6
• Checks for drivers who gave me gas receipts (sign and car license plate number)
• Midterm evaluation (This helps me to fine-tune the course)

• What: changes over time
• Depends on group: Jews, Germans, bystanders
• Individual motivations