How did people attempt to realize Communism?

1. Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)
   • "the revolution" (cult of personality) / gravedigger
   • bureaucrat ("comrade card-index")
   • compare to Lenin
     • nationalist (not internationalist)
     • no debate (Lenin: "open debate")
     • use of terror
   • fulfills Lenin's program
     • industrialization, collectivization (human costs!)
   • compare to Hitler
     • within the system/party (not above party)
       ideology appealing w/o cult of personality
     • rational goals (not personal mania)
       super-orderly, interventionist (not chaotic, withdrawn)
2. Video clip: Cold War highlights
   Churchill's 1947 "Iron Curtain" speech, Berlin Wall 1961, Sputnik, Cuban Missle Crisis 1962
   
3. Cold War: Marx vs. Ford? [overlay Bentley/Ziegler, below]
   • Political, social, ideological, economic rivalry
   • Origin: Rapallo (1922) vs. Yalta (Feb. 1945) [overlay, below]
   • Phases: intense 1947-53, 1958-62
   • Hard line (containment) vs. soft (détente)
     • "Truman doctrine" (March 1947)
   • Nikita Khrushchev (succeeded Stalin in 1953)
     • overtake capitalism in production of material wealth
     • agriculture, heavy industry, central planning, terror
   • reform instead of repression?
     • Czech. 1948
     • E. Berlin '53
     • Hungary '56
     • Prague '68
4. The Prague Spring
   • Jan. 1968: Dubcek "socialism with a human face"
   • Documentary: Oratorio for Prague
   • Jan Palach (1948-Jan. 16, 1969): human torches

Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945, Ukraine):
Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed to install in eastern Europe:
"… interim governmental authorities broadly representative of all democratic elements of the population … and the earliest possible establishment through free elections of governments responsive to the will of the people."

• case of Poland:
  London exile and Lublin communists
• physically occupied by Soviet Union
  enforcement by US & GB impossible