Announcements
- Q5 back on Wednesday, papers due Wednesday
- office hours Tuesday 10-11am, not noon-1pm
- Don't forget to vote tomorrow!
Guiding Question
- What forms and symbols did "Germans" (who?) use to represent "the" (which?) German nation?
Bismarck recap: The "White" Revolutionary (1815-1898) [why "white"?]
- university studies, civil service, Junker (know what this term means!)
- 1851: Prussian delegate to Bundestag in Frankfurt
- 1859: ambassador to St. Petersburg (Russia just lost Crimean war: backwater)
- 1862: persuades Wilhelm I not to throw the towel to his liberal son Frederick III
Monument Theory
- Monuments say more about who erects them, than about the people or events they commemorate
- Symbols draw on preexisting knowledge, reinforce and/or reinterpret it; new meanings need new symbols
Monument Timeline
- New Guardhouse in Berlin ( Neue Wache)
1815: commissioned by FW III (by Friedrich Schinkel) for palace guard
1848: additional fortifications
1870s-1914: ceremonial use (visits by foreign monarchs, WWI mobilization order)
1931-33: "Memorial Site for the Fallen of the World War" (SPD dedication)
1933: "Valhalla" for fallen generals
1962: East German memorial "to the Victims of Fascism and Militarism"
1993, Nov. 14 (Day of Mourning): United German national memorial "to the Victims of War and Violence"
- Berlin Column of Victory ( Siegessäule), 67m tall, with Goldelse (see Kitchen p. 120!)
1864-1873, Sept. 2nd
1938-39 moved
1945: French wanted to tear it down (plaques restored 1987)
1896-99: Munich Angel of Peace
- Walhalla (Temple of the Dead) on Danube near Regensburg
Ludwig I of Bavaria (1786-1868): idea in 1807; at L's coronation in 1825--60 busts finished
1842 dedication: 96 busts + 64 plaques covering 1800 years (today: 191 people, incl. 12 females)
1853: Bavarian Hall of Fame in Munich ( Ruhmeshalle above Oktoberfest park)
- Hall of Liberation (Befreiungshalle) near Kelheim on the Altmühl river
Ludwig I of Bavaria, begun 1843 to commemorate 1813-1815 wars against Napoleon
1863, October 18 (anniversary of Battle of Nations, and Wartburg festival): dedication
"May the Germans never forget what made necessary the struggle for freedom and how they won."
- Bismarck monuments (since 1868 in Silesia; 1879 in Cologne; 1906: 306 monuments)
1899-1911: "German Studenthood" competition, 47 towers in design by Wilhelm Kreis
240 total, 167 with fire beacons (overall 172 still standing)
- 1903-06 competition in Hamburg (port city: working class--Bebel & commercial interests): 219 designs
1880-88: not duty-free zone; Bismarck retired to Sachsenwald, wrote in Hamburg News
1903: Kaiser Wilhelm I monument at City Hall
1914, July 20 (27th…): dedicated by granddaughter Hannah and Wilhelm II.
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