Guiding Questions
- To what extent did political parties shape national life in the German empire?
- How did Bismarck navigate the pitfalls to unite very disparate interest groups into a unified culture?
Loose Ends
- Monument theory & how it applies to the examples
- Example of Bismarck monument in Hamburg, and 1873 ADAV Breslau Lassalle flag
Social Democracy
- 1878 Anti-socialist laws (Oct. 19 law after June 2, 1878 attempt on W I's life)
- 4 prohibitions: political parties, organizations, printed matter, assembly: 1300 pamphlets censored, 330 organizations prohibited in 12 years
Political Catholicism and the Kulturkampf
- Center Party: established 1870 in Prussian Assembly. Goals:
- Ludwig Windthorst (1812-1891): 1848 Hannover delegate
- July 1871: disbanded Catholic department in Prussian Ministry of Culture
- Jan. 1872: punishment for preaching about "affairs of the state"
- Mar. 1872 : School Inspection Law: State appoints all school teachers
RT speech: founding of Center in 1870 "mobilization against state;""enemies of the state"
- June 1872: Jesuit order prohibited – "ultramontan"
Gustav zu Hohenlohe-Schillingfürst ambassador to Vatican
- May 1872: "We won’t go to Canossa—neither physically nor mentally" (Henry IV in 1077)
- May 1873 laws: Priests need state exam in German Philosophy, History, Literature;
All appointments must be approved by state;
No need to give reason why leaving the Church.
(May 1874: infractions punishable by revocation of citizenship)
- Jan-Apr. 1875: 241 priests, 136 editors, 210 Catholics fined & arrested; 20 newspapers confiscated, 74 houses searched, 113 people extradicted; 55 assemblies broken up
- Passive resistance: no reports, no flags, auction repurchases
electoral success: Prussian assembly Nov. 1873: 52->90 seats; Reichstag Jan. 1874: 58->91 seats
- Feb. 1878 : Pius IX -> Leo XIII; 1880-83 reductions, 1886/7 end
Reichstag, July 1878 |
Party |
Vote |
Seats |
Conservatives |
13.0% |
59 |
German Reich Party |
13.6% |
57 |
independent Liberals |
2.7% |
10 |
National Liberals |
23.1% |
99 |
G. Progressive Party |
6.7% |
26 |
Germ. People's Party |
1.1% |
3 |
Center |
23.1% |
94 |
Social Democrats |
7.6% |
9 |
Welfs |
2.6% |
14 |
Danes |
0.3% |
1 |
Poles |
3.6% |
14 |
Alsace-Lorraine |
2.3% |
11 |
other |
0.3% |
0 |
participation/seats |
63.3% |
397 |
|
Reichstag, February 1890 |
Party |
Vote |
Seats |
Conservatives |
12.4% |
73 |
German Reich Party |
6.7% |
20 |
National Liberals |
16.3% |
42 |
German.-Freisinnige Party |
16.0% |
66 |
German People's Party |
2.0% |
10 |
Center |
18.6% |
106 |
Social Democrats |
19.7% |
35 |
Welfs |
1.6% |
11 |
Danes |
0.2% |
1 |
Poles |
3.4% |
16 |
Alsace-Lorraine |
1.4% |
10 |
Germ. Reform/Antisemites |
0.7% |
5 |
other |
1.0% |
2 |
participation/seats |
71.6% |
397 |
|
Q6 for Monday
- 3 important facts about the women's movement in 19th century German (each w/ sentence of explanation)
- Purchase Heinrich Mann, Man of Straw ($11.95+tax at the UCen bookstore)
advance copy of the Man of Straw handout is available
(need for Q8)
|
Bismarck and Pius IX playing chess with figures representing the issues in the Kulturkampf..